Updates
License to Work
This page provides updates and corrections to occupational licensing data presented in the second edition of License to Work, published in November 2017, including revised tables affected by the updates. This includes individual state and occupation tables, as well as Tables 1 through 6 that rank states and occupations. This page will continue to be updated as we become aware of necessary changes. Updated tables are cumulative, meaning they reflect all updates made to date. Meanwhile, the original findings remain unchanged on the report’s website.
Updated versions of the complete dataset of all 102 occupations and the comparison dataset of occupations consistently recorded across the 2012 and 2017 editions of the report are available for download under the “License to Work 2 Data” section on the report’s data page.
Update Details
| Date Updated | State(s) | Occupation(s) | Update Description | Impact on Data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 22, 2018 | RI | Coach, Head (High School Sports) | The athletic coach permit was repealed by 2015 RI H5900, and as of January 1, 2017, is no longer required. | There is no license. |
| February 22, 2018 | UT | All Contractor Occupations and Mobile Home Installer | H.B. 313 changed the licensing requirements for various contractor occupations and mobile home installers, effective May 9, 2017. | Fees decreased to between $210 and $445. Two years of experience eliminated. Education increased to 25 clock hours. Exams eliminated. |
| February 22, 2018 | AL, AZ, CT, IN, IA, KY, ME, NV, NH, NM, NC, ND, SD and WI | Interpreter, Sign Language | Data were updated to reflect the Registry Interpreters for the Deaf’s certification requirements for those who are not deaf or hard of hearing, which constitutes the majority of sign language interpreters. | Fees increased $240 (except in Maine, where fees increased $220, and Alabama, where fees increased $145). Education decreased 40 clock hours (except Alabama, which saw no change). |
| February 22, 2018 | IL, RI and WV | Interpreter, Sign Language | Data were updated to reflect an easier route to licensure. | Fees decreased $345 in Illinois, $110 in Rhode Island and $445 in West Virginia. Four years and 40 clock hours of education eliminated. A minimum age of 18 years is required in Rhode Island. |
| February 22, 2018 | WV | HVAC Contractor (Commercial & Residential) and Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Commercial & Residential) | H.B. 4392 requires a technician’s license in addition to a contractor’s license, effective January 1, 2016. | Fees increased $42. Experience increased 8,000 clock hours. One more exam is required. A minimum age of 18 years is required. |
| February 22, 2018 | WV | Upholsterer | SB 419 increased fees as of July 6, 2017. | Fees increased $80. |
Table 1. Breath of Licensure
| Occupation | States Licensed |
|---|---|
| Animal Breeder | 28 |
| Animal Control Officer | 7 |
| Animal Trainer | 9 |
| Athletic Trainer | 49 |
| Auctioneer | 30 |
| Barber | 51 |
| Bartender | 13 |
| Bill Collection Agency | 31 |
| Bus Driver, City/Transit | 51 |
| Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Commercial) | 25 |
| Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Cement Finishing Contractor (Commercial) | 24 |
| Cement Finishing Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Child Care Home, Family | 44 |
| Coach, Head (High School Sports) | 47 |
| Conveyor Operator | 1 |
| Cosmetologist | 51 |
| Crane Operator | 18 |
| Dental Assistant | 9 |
| Dietetic Technician | 2 |
| Door Repair Contractor (Commercial) | 24 |
| Door Repair Contractor (Residential) | 29 |
| Drywall Installation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 |
| Drywall Installation Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Earth Driller, Water Well | 51 |
| Electrical Helper | 2 |
| Emergency Medical Technician | 51 |
| Farm Labor Contractor | 10 |
| Fire Alarm Installer | 39 |
| Fisher, Commercial | 43 |
| Floor Sander Contractor (Commercial) | 22 |
| Floor Sander Contractor (Residential) | 27 |
| Florist | 1 |
| Forest Worker | 1 |
| Funeral Attendant | 3 |
| Gaming Cage Worker | 29 |
| Gaming Dealer | 28 |
| Gaming Supervisor | 30 |
| Glazier Contractor (Commercial) | 26 |
| Glazier Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Home Entertainment Installer | 1 |
| HVAC Contractor (Commercial) | 37 |
| HVAC Contractor (Residential) | 35 |
| Insulation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 |
| Insulation Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Interior Designer | 4 |
| Interpreter, Sign Language | 22 |
| Iron/Steel Contractor (Commercial) | 26 |
| Iron/Steel Contractor (Residential) | 30 |
| Landscape Contractor (Commercial) | 47 |
| Landscape Contractor (Residential) | 48 |
| Locksmith | 14 |
| Log Scaler | 2 |
| Makeup Artist | 41 |
| Manicurist | 50 |
| Mason Contractor (Commercial) | 26 |
| Mason Contractor (Residential) | 31 |
| Massage Therapist | 44 |
| Midwife, Direct Entry | 28 |
| Milk Sampler | 42 |
| Mobile Home Installer | 39 |
| Nursery Worker | 2 |
| Optician | 22 |
| Packer | 6 |
| Painting Contractor (Commercial) | 22 |
| Painting Contractor (Residential) | 28 |
| Paving Contractor (Commercial) | 24 |
| Paving Contractor (Residential) | 28 |
| Pest Control Applicator | 51 |
| Pharmacy Technician | 44 |
| Pipelayer Contractor | 27 |
| Preschool Teacher, Public School | 50 |
| Psychiatric Aide | 1 |
| Psychiatric Technician | 5 |
| School Bus Driver | 51 |
| Security Alarm Installer | 37 |
| Security Guard, Unarmed | 34 |
| Shampooer | 37 |
| Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Commercial) | 37 |
| Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Residential) | 36 |
| Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Commercial) | 26 |
| Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Residential) | 31 |
| Skin Care Specialist | 50 |
| Slot Supervisor | 28 |
| Social and Human Service Assistant | 1 |
| Still Machine Setter, Dairy Equipment | 3 |
| Taxi Driver/Chauffeur | 16 |
| Taxidermist | 28 |
| Teacher Assistant, Non-Instructional | 5 |
| Terrazzo Contractor (Commercial) | 23 |
| Terrazzo Contractor (Residential) | 28 |
| Title Examiner | 7 |
| Travel Agency | 7 |
| Travel Guide | 37 |
| Tree Trimmer | 7 |
| Truck Driver, Other | 51 |
| Truck Driver, Tractor-Trailer | 51 |
| Upholsterer | 10 |
| Vegetation Pesticide Applicator | 51 |
| Veterinary Technician | 36 |
| Weigher | 25 |
| Wildlife Control Operator | 23 |
Table 2. Burdens of Licensure
| Rank | Occupation | States Licensed | Avg. Fees | Avg. Estimated Calendar Days Lost | Avg. Exams | Avg. Min. Grade | Avg. Min. Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Interior Designer | 4 | $1265 | 2,190 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 2 | Preschool Teacher, Public School | 50 | $492 | 2,050 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | Athletic Trainer | 49 | $472 | 1,460 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 4 | Midwife, Direct Entry | 28 | $1383 | 1,152 | 1 | 10 | 8 |
| 5 | Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Commercial) | 37 | $392 | 1,245 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 6 | HVAC Contractor (Commercial) | 37 | $399 | 1,228 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 7 | HVAC Contractor (Residential) | 35 | $395 | 1,088 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 8 | Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Residential) | 36 | $382 | 1,058 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 9 | Interpreter, Sign Language | 22 | $767 | 882 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
| 10 | Fire Alarm Installer | 39 | $557 | 915 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 11 | Optician | 22 | $449 | 714 | 2 | 11 | 17 |
| 12 | Security Alarm Installer | 37 | $487 | 836 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 13 | Earth Driller, Water Well | 51 | $356 | 837 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 14 | Psychiatric Aide | 1 | $0 | 730 | 0 | 12 | 18 |
| 15 | Dietetic Technician | 2 | $176 | 835 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 16 | Veterinary Technician | 36 | $380 | 730 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 17 | Social and Human Service Assistant | 1 | $50 | 730 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 18 | Home Entertainment Installer | 1 | $185 | 575 | 1 | 12 | 0 |
| 19 | Tree Trimmer | 7 | $325 | 574 | 2 | 0 | 13 |
| 20 | Glazier Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $361 | 553 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 21 | Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Commercial) | 26 | $355 | 539 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 22 | Pipelayer Contractor | 27 | $371 | 519 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 23 | Cosmetologist | 51 | $177 | 386 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 24 | Iron/Steel Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $363 | 497 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 25 | Mason Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $366 | 497 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 26 | Drywall Installation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $359 | 488 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 27 | Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $375 | 488 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 28 | Cement Finishing Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $359 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 29 | Paving Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $362 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 30 | Barber | 51 | $154 | 368 | 2 | 7 | 14 |
| 31 | Door Repair Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $366 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 32 | Painting Contractor (Commercial) | 22 | $376 | 454 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 33 | Psychiatric Technician | 5 | $119 | 346 | 1 | 12 | 7 |
| 34 | Floor Sander Contractor (Commercial) | 22 | $352 | 451 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 35 | Terrazzo Contractor (Commercial) | 23 | $361 | 451 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 36 | School Bus Driver | 51 | $112 | 300 | 6 | 0 | 19 |
| 37 | Insulation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $360 | 429 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 38 | Iron/Steel Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $313 | 368 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 39 | Mason Contractor (Residential) | 31 | $315 | 356 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 40 | Coach, Head (High School Sports) | 47 | $79 | 375 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 40 | Log Scaler | 2 | $25 | 365 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
| 42 | Shampooer | 37 | $130 | 248 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 43 | Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $314 | 344 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 44 | Glazier Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $317 | 343 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 45 | Drywall Installation Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $309 | 343 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 46 | Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Residential) | 31 | $297 | 333 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 47 | Door Repair Contractor (Residential) | 29 | $315 | 318 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 48 | Pest Control Applicator | 51 | $260 | 274 | 2 | 0 | 11 |
| 49 | Mobile Home Installer | 39 | $340 | 291 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 50 | Paving Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $293 | 303 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 51 | Cement Finishing Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $295 | 283 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 52 | Skin Care Specialist | 50 | $175 | 145 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 53 | Crane Operator | 18 | $225 | 222 | 2 | 0 | 17 |
| 54 | Makeup Artist | 41 | $169 | 134 | 2 | 8 | 14 |
| 55 | Terrazzo Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $298 | 264 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 56 | Floor Sander Contractor (Residential) | 27 | $303 | 260 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 57 | Insulation Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $297 | 259 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 58 | Painting Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $307 | 251 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 59 | Massage Therapist | 44 | $372 | 142 | 1 | 5 | 15 |
| 60 | Manicurist | 50 | $172 | 91 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 61 | Bus Driver, City/Transit | 51 | $106 | 100 | 5 | 0 | 19 |
| 62 | Vegetation Pesticide Applicator | 51 | $259 | 134 | 3 | 0 | 10 |
| 63 | Landscape Contractor (Commercial) | 47 | $232 | 213 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 64 | Truck Driver, Tractor-Trailer | 51 | $107 | 79 | 5 | 0 | 18 |
| 65 | Bill Collection Agency | 31 | $551 | 159 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 66 | Truck Driver, Other | 51 | $106 | 79 | 4 | 0 | 18 |
| 67 | Landscape Contractor (Residential) | 48 | $200 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 68 | Auctioneer | 30 | $278 | 94 | 1 | 3 | 14 |
| 69 | Taxi Driver/Chauffeur | 16 | $47 | 148 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| 70 | Child Care Home, Family | 44 | $79 | 48 | 0 | 7 | 18 |
| 71 | Dental Assistant | 9 | $138 | 92 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| 72 | Title Examiner | 7 | $355 | 104 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 73 | Pharmacy Technician | 44 | $136 | 46 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| 74 | Emergency Medical Technician | 51 | $108 | 34 | 2 | 3 | 18 |
| 75 | Teacher Assistant, Non-Instructional | 5 | $16 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 8 |
| 76 | Animal Trainer | 9 | $209 | 122 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 77 | Travel Guide | 37 | $323 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 78 | Funeral Attendant | 3 | $124 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 6 |
| 79 | Locksmith | 14 | $167 | 54 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| 80 | Security Guard, Unarmed | 34 | $89 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| 81 | Conveyor Operator | 1 | $117 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
| 82 | Slot Supervisor | 28 | $467 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 83 | Gaming Supervisor | 30 | $462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 84 | Bartender | 13 | $7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 20 |
| 85 | Gaming Cage Worker | 29 | $174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 86 | Electrical Helper | 2 | $55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 87 | Gaming Dealer | 28 | $174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 88 | Wildlife Control Operator | 23 | $68 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
| 89 | Still Machine Setter, Dairy Equipment | 3 | $67 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 90 | Forest Worker | 1 | $300 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 91 | Weigher | 25 | $62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 92 | Florist | 1 | $189 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 93 | Animal Control Officer | 7 | $26 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 94 | Travel Agency | 7 | $211 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 95 | Farm Labor Contractor | 10 | $173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 96 | Milk Sampler | 42 | $22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 97 | Fisher, Commercial | 43 | $142 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 98 | Animal Breeder | 28 | $148 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 99 | Upholsterer | 10 | $110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 100 | Taxidermist | 28 | $78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 101 | Nursery Worker | 2 | $55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 102 | Packer | 6 | $33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 3. Breadth and Burdens of Licensure
| Rank | Occupation | States Licensed | Avg. Fees | Avg. Estimated Calendar Days Lost | Avg. Exams | Avg. Min. Grade | Avg. Min. Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Preschool Teacher, Public School | 50 | $492 | 2,050 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | Athletic Trainer | 49 | $472 | 1,460 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | Earth Driller, Water Well | 51 | $356 | 837 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 4 | Cosmetologist | 51 | $177 | 386 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 5 | Barber | 51 | $154 | 368 | 2 | 7 | 14 |
| 6 | School Bus Driver | 51 | $112 | 300 | 6 | 0 | 19 |
| 7 | Pest Control Applicator | 51 | $260 | 274 | 2 | 0 | 11 |
| 8 | Bus Driver, City/Transit | 51 | $106 | 100 | 5 | 0 | 19 |
| 9 | Skin Care Specialist | 50 | $175 | 145 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 10 | Vegetation Pesticide Applicator | 51 | $259 | 134 | 3 | 0 | 10 |
| 11 | Truck Driver, Tractor-Trailer | 51 | $107 | 79 | 5 | 0 | 18 |
| 12 | Truck Driver, Other | 51 | $106 | 79 | 4 | 0 | 18 |
| 13 | Manicurist | 50 | $172 | 91 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 14 | Emergency Medical Technician | 51 | $108 | 34 | 2 | 3 | 18 |
| 15 | Coach, Head (High School Sports) | 47 | $79 | 375 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 16 | Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Commercial) | 37 | $392 | 1,245 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 17 | HVAC Contractor (Commercial) | 37 | $399 | 1,228 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 18 | Fire Alarm Installer | 39 | $557 | 915 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 19 | Landscape Contractor (Residential) | 48 | $200 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 20 | Landscape Contractor (Commercial) | 47 | $232 | 213 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 21 | Sheet Metal Contractor, HVAC (Residential) | 36 | $382 | 1,058 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| 22 | Massage Therapist | 44 | $372 | 142 | 1 | 5 | 15 |
| 23 | Security Alarm Installer | 37 | $487 | 836 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 24 | HVAC Contractor (Residential) | 35 | $395 | 1,088 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
| 25 | Child Care Home, Family | 44 | $79 | 48 | 0 | 7 | 18 |
| 26 | Pharmacy Technician | 44 | $136 | 46 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
| 27 | Veterinary Technician | 36 | $380 | 730 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 28 | Makeup Artist | 41 | $169 | 134 | 2 | 8 | 14 |
| 29 | Mobile Home Installer | 39 | $340 | 291 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 30 | Fisher, Commercial | 43 | $142 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 31 | Milk Sampler | 42 | $22 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 32 | Shampooer | 37 | $130 | 248 | 2 | 8 | 13 |
| 33 | Midwife, Direct Entry | 28 | $1,383 | 1,152 | 1 | 10 | 8 |
| 34 | Travel Guide | 37 | $323 | 78 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 35 | Mason Contractor (Residential) | 31 | $315 | 356 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 36 | Security Guard, Unarmed | 34 | $89 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| 37 | Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Residential) | 31 | $297 | 333 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 38 | Iron/Steel Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $313 | 368 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 39 | Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $314 | 344 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 40 | Glazier Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $317 | 343 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 41 | Drywall Installation Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $309 | 343 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 42 | Bill Collection Agency | 31 | $551 | 159 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| 43 | Cement Finishing Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $295 | 283 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 44 | Insulation Contractor (Residential) | 30 | $297 | 259 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 45 | Door Repair Contractor (Residential) | 29 | $315 | 318 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 46 | Pipelayer Contractor | 27 | $371 | 519 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 47 | Auctioneer | 30 | $278 | 94 | 1 | 3 | 14 |
| 48 | Paving Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $293 | 303 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 49 | Glazier Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $361 | 553 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 50 | Sheet Metal Contractor, Other (Commercial) | 26 | $355 | 539 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 51 | Terrazzo Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $298 | 264 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 52 | Gaming Supervisor | 30 | $462 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 53 | Painting Contractor (Residential) | 28 | $307 | 251 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 54 | Iron/Steel Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $363 | 497 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 55 | Mason Contractor (Commercial) | 26 | $366 | 497 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 56 | Floor Sander Contractor (Residential) | 27 | $303 | 260 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 57 | Gaming Cage Worker | 29 | $174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 58 | Interpreter, Sign Language | 22 | $767 | 882 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
| 59 | Drywall Installation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $359 | 488 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 60 | Carpenter/Cabinet Maker Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $375 | 488 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 61 | Insulation Contractor (Commercial) | 25 | $360 | 429 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 62 | Slot Supervisor | 28 | $467 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 63 | Optician | 22 | $449 | 714 | 2 | 11 | 17 |
| 64 | Gaming Dealer | 28 | $174 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 65 | Cement Finishing Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $359 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 66 | Animal Breeder | 28 | $148 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 67 | Paving Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $362 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 68 | Door Repair Contractor (Commercial) | 24 | $366 | 477 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 69 | Taxidermist | 28 | $78 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 70 | Terrazzo Contractor (Commercial) | 23 | $361 | 451 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 71 | Painting Contractor (Commercial) | 22 | $376 | 454 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 72 | Floor Sander Contractor (Commercial) | 22 | $352 | 451 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 73 | Weigher | 25 | $62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 74 | Wildlife Control Operator | 23 | $68 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
| 75 | Crane Operator | 18 | $225 | 222 | 2 | 0 | 17 |
| 76 | Taxi Driver/Chauffeur | 16 | $47 | 148 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| 77 | Locksmith | 14 | $167 | 54 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| 78 | Bartender | 13 | $7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 20 |
| 79 | Farm Labor Contractor | 10 | $173 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 80 | Upholsterer | 10 | $110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 81 | Dental Assistant | 9 | $138 | 92 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| 82 | Animal Trainer | 9 | $209 | 122 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 83 | Tree Trimmer | 7 | $325 | 574 | 2 | 0 | 13 |
| 84 | Title Examiner | 7 | $355 | 104 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 85 | Animal Control Officer | 7 | $26 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 86 | Travel Agency | 7 | $211 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| 87 | Interior Designer | 4 | $1,265 | 2,190 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 88 | Packer | 6 | $33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 89 | Psychiatric Technician | 5 | $119 | 346 | 1 | 12 | 7 |
| 90 | Teacher Assistant, Non-Instructional | 5 | $16 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 8 |
| 91 | Funeral Attendant | 3 | $124 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 6 |
| 92 | Still Machine Setter, Dairy Equipment | 3 | $67 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
| 93 | Dietetic Technician | 2 | $176 | 835 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 94 | Log Scaler | 2 | $25 | 365 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
| 95 | Electrical Helper | 2 | $55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 96 | Nursery Worker | 2 | $55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 97 | Psychiatric Aide | 1 | $0 | 730 | 0 | 12 | 18 |
| 98 | Social and Human Service Assistant | 1 | $50 | 730 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 99 | Home Entertainment Installer | 1 | $185 | 575 | 1 | 12 | 0 |
| 100 | Conveyor Operator | 1 | $117 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 18 |
| 101 | Forest Worker | 1 | $300 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 102 | Florist | 1 | $189 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Table 4. Number and Percentage of Lower-Income Occupations Licensed by State
| State | Number of 102 Lower-Incomce Occupations Licensed | Percentage of 102 Lower-Income Occupations Licensed |
|---|---|---|
| Louisiana | 77 | 75.5% |
| Washington | 77 | 75.5% |
| California | 76 | 74.5% |
| Nevada | 75 | 73.5% |
| Arkansas | 72 | 70.6% |
| Iowa | 71 | 69.6% |
| Rhode Island | 71 | 69.6% |
| Tennessee | 71 | 69.6% |
| West Virginia | 70 | 68.6% |
| Oregon | 69 | 67.6% |
| Arizona | 68 | 66.7% |
| Virginia | 68 | 66.7% |
| Idaho | 67 | 65.7% |
| North Carolina | 67 | 65.7% |
| Mississippi | 66 | 64.7% |
| New Mexico | 66 | 64.7% |
| North Dakota | 65 | 63.7% |
| Connecticut | 64 | 62.7% |
| Utah | 64 | 62.7% |
| Alabama | 63 | 61.8% |
| Alaska | 63 | 61.8% |
| Hawaii | 63 | 61.8% |
| Nebraska | 63 | 61.8% |
| D C | 60 | 58.8% |
| South Carolina | 60 | 58.8% |
| Maryland | 59 | 57.8% |
| Florida | 56 | 54.9% |
| New Jersey | 54 | 52.9% |
| Pennsylvania | 51 | 50.0% |
| Massachusetts | 50 | 49.0% |
| Michigan | 49 | 48.0% |
| Maine | 45 | 44.1% |
| Delaware | 44 | 43.1% |
| Wisconsin | 42 | 41.2% |
| Georgia | 41 | 40.2% |
| New York | 41 | 40.2% |
| Oklahoma | 41 | 40.2% |
| Illinois | 40 | 39.2% |
| Ohio | 40 | 39.2% |
| New Hampshire | 38 | 37.3% |
| Indiana | 37 | 36.3% |
| Kentucky | 37 | 36.3% |
| Missouri | 37 | 36.3% |
| Texas | 37 | 36.3% |
| Kansas | 35 | 34.3% |
| Colorado | 34 | 33.3% |
| Minnesota | 34 | 33.3% |
| Montana | 32 | 31.4% |
| South Dakota | 32 | 31.4% |
| Vermont | 31 | 30.4% |
| Wyoming | 26 | 25.5% |
Table 5. States Ranked by Average Burden of Licensing Requirements
| Rank | State | Number of 102 Lower-Income Occupations Licensed | Avg. Fees | Avg. Estimated Calendar Days Lost | Avg. Exams | Avg. Min. Grade | Avg. Min. Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hawaii | 63 | $438 | 988 | 2 | 1 | 16 |
| 2 | Nevada | 75 | $707 | 860 | 2 | 2 | 15 |
| 3 | California | 76 | $486 | 827 | 2 | 1 | 15 |
| 4 | Arizona | 68 | $615 | 765 | 2 | 1 | 16 |
| 5 | Florida | 56 | $318 | 693 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| 6 | Arkansas | 72 | $246 | 642 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 7 | Virginia | 68 | $291 | 620 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 8 | Oregon | 69 | $335 | 537 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 9 | New Mexico | 66 | $270 | 520 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
| 10 | Maryland | 59 | $288 | 529 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| 10 | Massachusetts | 50 | $309 | 513 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
| 12 | Kentucky | 37 | $247 | 466 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| 13 | Georgia | 41 | $185 | 464 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| 14 | Delaware | 44 | $199 | 475 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| 15 | New Jersey | 54 | $224 | 422 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
| 16 | South Carolina | 60 | $220 | 440 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 17 | Oklahoma | 41 | $234 | 399 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 18 | South Dakota | 32 | $205 | 355 | 2 | 4 | 10 |
| 19 | Ohio | 40 | $188 | 350 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
| 20 | Texas | 37 | $253 | 341 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 21 | Missouri | 37 | $179 | 348 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 22 | Montana | 32 | $261 | 312 | 2 | 4 | 11 |
| 23 | Connecticut | 64 | $267 | 361 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 24 | Wyoming | 26 | $345 | 280 | 2 | 4 | 11 |
| 25 | Indiana | 37 | $170 | 322 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 26 | Rhode Island | 71 | $223 | 310 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 27 | Vermont | 31 | $193 | 287 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 28 | Minnesota | 34 | $238 | 300 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 29 | Idaho | 67 | $164 | 332 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 30 | Maine | 45 | $193 | 297 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 31 | West Virginia | 70 | $172 | 295 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 32 | New York | 41 | $279 | 275 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 33 | Michigan | 49 | $242 | 255 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| 34 | New Hampshire | 38 | $189 | 272 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 35 | Colorado | 34 | $344 | 260 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 36 | Iowa | 71 | $181 | 288 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 37 | D C | 60 | $400 | 261 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 38 | Illinois | 40 | $235 | 213 | 1 | 3 | 13 |
| 39 | Tennessee | 71 | $327 | 226 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 40 | Kansas | 35 | $133 | 200 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 41 | North Carolina | 67 | $202 | 234 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 41 | Wisconsin | 42 | $265 | 214 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| 43 | Louisiana | 77 | $360 | 202 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 44 | Alaska | 63 | $298 | 211 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 45 | Mississippi | 66 | $330 | 160 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 46 | Alabama | 63 | $331 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 47 | Washington | 77 | $209 | 163 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 48 | North Dakota | 65 | $160 | 122 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 49 | Pennsylvania | 51 | $138 | 117 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| 50 | Utah | 64 | $295 | 117 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 51 | Nebraska | 63 | $76 | 118 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
Table 6. States Ranked by Number and Average Burden of Licensing Requirements Combined
| Rank | State | Number of 102 Lower-Income Occupations Licensed | Avg. Fees | Avg. Estimated Calendar Days Lost | Avg. Exams | Avg. Min. Grade | Avg. Min. Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | California | 76 | $486 | 827 | 2 | 1 | 15 |
| 2 | Nevada | 75 | $707 | 860 | 2 | 2 | 15 |
| 3 | Arkansas | 72 | $246 | 642 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 4 | Arizona | 68 | $615 | 765 | 2 | 1 | 16 |
| 5 | Hawaii | 63 | $438 | 988 | 2 | 1 | 16 |
| 6 | Louisiana | 77 | $360 | 202 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 7 | Virginia | 68 | $291 | 620 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 8 | Oregon | 69 | $335 | 537 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 9 | Washington | 77 | $209 | 163 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 10 | Rhode Island | 71 | $223 | 310 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 11 | New Mexico | 66 | $270 | 520 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
| 12 | Iowa | 71 | $181 | 288 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 13 | West Virginia | 70 | $172 | 295 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 14 | Tennessee | 71 | $327 | 226 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 15 | Idaho | 67 | $164 | 332 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 16 | North Carolina | 67 | $202 | 234 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 17 | Connecticut | 64 | $267 | 361 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 18 | Mississippi | 66 | $330 | 160 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 19 | Maryland | 59 | $288 | 529 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| 20 | Florida | 56 | $318 | 693 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| 21 | South Carolina | 60 | $220 | 440 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
| 22 | North Dakota | 65 | $160 | 122 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
| 23 | Alaska | 63 | $298 | 211 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 24 | Utah | 64 | $295 | 117 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
| 25 | Alabama | 63 | $331 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| 26 | D C | 60 | $400 | 261 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 27 | Nebraska | 63 | $76 | 118 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 28 | New Jersey | 54 | $224 | 422 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
| 29 | Massachusetts | 50 | $309 | 513 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
| 30 | Michigan | 49 | $242 | 255 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| 31 | Pennsylvania | 51 | $138 | 117 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| 32 | Delaware | 44 | $199 | 475 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| 33 | Maine | 45 | $193 | 297 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 34 | Georgia | 41 | $185 | 464 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| 35 | Oklahoma | 41 | $234 | 399 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
| 36 | Wisconsin | 42 | $265 | 214 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| 37 | New York | 41 | $279 | 275 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 38 | Ohio | 40 | $188 | 350 | 1 | 3 | 10 |
| 39 | Illinois | 40 | $235 | 213 | 1 | 3 | 13 |
| 40 | Kentucky | 37 | $247 | 466 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| 41 | New Hampshire | 38 | $189 | 272 | 2 | 2 | 8 |
| 42 | Texas | 37 | $253 | 341 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 43 | Missouri | 37 | $179 | 348 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 44 | Indiana | 37 | $170 | 322 | 1 | 2 | 12 |
| 45 | Kansas | 35 | $133 | 200 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 46 | Minnesota | 34 | $238 | 300 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 47 | Colorado | 34 | $344 | 260 | 2 | 1 | 11 |
| 48 | South Dakota | 32 | $205 | 355 | 2 | 4 | 10 |
| 49 | Montana | 32 | $261 | 312 | 2 | 4 | 11 |
| 50 | Vermont | 31 | $193 | 287 | 2 | 3 | 9 |
| 51 | Wyoming | 26 | $345 | 280 | 2 | 4 | 11 |